Discuss Competitive Strategies Coca Cola Should Adopt to Develop Essay

Talk about Competitive Strategies Coca Cola Should Adopt to Develop Business Expansion in China - Essay Example the Study: Globalization and the expanding rivalry in the current business world mirror the development and improvement of various organizations and their extension across various nations. The drink business is probably the biggest business on the planet. The Coca-Cola Company being one of the main organizations in the world’s drink industry (www.rediff.com), an exploration on their business techniques would help in a comprehension of how driving organizations make and keep up their situation in their own nations just as in different nations through developments. With 126 years in business, the Coca-Cola Company as of now has 142,200 overall representatives, more than 3,500 brands, 49 back to back a very long time in expanded profits and more than 200 nations where their drinks sell (www.thecoca-colacompany.com). The organization originally entered China in the 1920’s with the first packaging plant built up in Shanghai, 1927. It before long extended its packaging activi ties to Tianjin, 1927 and afterward Qingdao, 1930. In 1949, the organization shut activities in China when the communist system rose. Since its reemergence in 1979, The Coca-Cola Company has seen gigantic development, where in the course of the last 25 years, brands of The Coca-Cola Company have become significant easily recognized names in China. It as of late opened its 42nd packaging plant in the nation to help further the company’s predominance in the refreshment business inside the nation (www.thecoca-colacompany.com). China’s refreshment industry mirrors an immense market, especially for enormous organizations like the Coca-Cola Company. The organization unequivocally has its tasks in China however the developing rivalries and other inside and outer variables may influence the fruitful extension plans of the organization (Zhang and Alon, 2011, p.287). The method of reasoning of the examination is... The method of reasoning of the investigation depends on learning and understanding the serious business techniques of a main refreshment organization that may profit the extension of the organization in the China advertise. In the advanced universe of expanded globalization, there is a need to become familiar with the speculations and ideas followed by huge organizations. This is to have a view on the systems important to keep up a place of an organization in the business among its rival organizations. This examination would concentrate on the Coca-Cola Company that as of now has its tasks in the China advertise and would search for additional extensions to which the organization has the prerequisite of imaginative and serious techniques that would keep its situation over its rivals. The aftereffects of this investigation would demonstrate imperative to business improvement directors and the business advancement group supplied with the duty of distinguishing extension openings. The i nvestigation would likewise help different organizations who expect methodologies to extend business somewhere else. The analyst will pick up information in definition of serious procedures that can be applied in future undertakings. Thus, this examination is sane in the setting that the serious business systems of one of the main organizations could be scholarly and the exploration would empower different organizations to utilize such techniques in making their upper hands while extending their organizations.

Nutrition Implications in Complex Disease Whole Grain Oat Cereal Lowers Serum Lipids Essay Example

Nourishment Implications in Complex Disease: Whole Grain Oat Cereal Lowers Serum Lipids Essay Coronary illness, CHD, has been anticipated to endure as the significant reason for high death rate for the coming decades. In accordance with this, the improvement of ischemic coronary illness was ascribed to the expanding level of low-thickness lipoprotein or LDL blood cholesterol. As indicated by the National Cholesterol Education Program or NCNEP grown-up treatment board, not exactly or equivalent to 5.17 millimole per liter (200 milligram for each deciliter) is the perfect blood cholesterol level for people old enough higher than 20 years while higher than 6.21 millimole per liter or 240 milligram for every deciliter is unsafe. In association with this, around twenty nine percent of grown-ups more established than 20 years in the United States have 6.21 millimoles per liter blood cholesterol. In the mean time, investigates have indicated that utilization of dietary dissolvable filaments brings down blood cholesterol level as epidemiologic examinations uncovered that the CHD adva ncement can be lightened by methods for dietary fiber utilization. Truth be told, in excess of thirty looks into that were submitted to the Food and Drug Administration of the United States by the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Report approved the viability of dissolvable fiber utilization on blood cholesterol decrease. Clinical examinations demonstrated that dissolvable strands from chosen gums, psyllium, oat wheat, gelatin, and oats by and large made six percent nineteen percent serum cholesterol decrease. Since the low cholesterol and low soaked fat eating routine has been utilized in hypercholesterolemia clinical treatment, this examination focused on the appraisal of economically accessible entire grain oat, as utilized with the progression one eating routine of the American Heart Association (AHA), in the decrease of blood cholesterol level. System This investigation has enrolled fifty-seven members from past looks into upheld by the Heart Disease Prevention Clinic. While forty-six of these members have joined the intercession stage, just forty-three drive forward and suffered until the end. The members have ages in the middle of twenty-seven and sixty-eight years with 50th to 90th percentile scope of cholesterol level dependent on age and sexual orientation modifications. In the enrollment of members, people with higher than 3.39 millimole per liter of triglycerides, a body weight 30% higher than perfect, has significant medical procedure and myocardial localized necrosis history, gastrointestinal sickness, temperamental angina or  heart disappointment was avoided structure the selection. Additionally, the individuals who were by and by in taking up drugs for prescription, for example, lipid-bringing down operators, thiazides, anti-infection agents, estrogens, corticosteriods, and progesterones were rejected. In accordance w ith this, the individuals who were taking Ãÿ-adregenic blockers expected to keep up the measurement of such medication during the term of the examination for them to get qualified. At last, twenty-one men and twenty-two ladies were effectively made into the periods of this examination. We will compose a custom paper test on Nutrition Implications in Complex Disease: Whole Grain Oat Cereal Lowers Serum Lipids explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Nutrition Implications in Complex Disease: Whole Grain Oat Cereal Lowers Serum Lipids explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Nutrition Implications in Complex Disease: Whole Grain Oat Cereal Lowers Serum Lipids explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The periods of the mediation plan were four-week cleaned out stage, fourteen day standard, and four-week treatment part. All through the mediation stages, the members were required to keep up weight while expending about prepared to-eat grains twice day by day inside about a month. In association with this, all members were ordered to live with the AHA step-one eating routine structure during the term of the investigation. In the mean time, physiological information, for example, weight, supplement information, and lipid profiles of the members were resolved from zero to four-week benchmark. Also, the supplement information dependent on four-day food records were assessed by the National Coordinating Center. In the intercession plan, blending of members was done dependent on sex and section cholesterol information, though in each pair one was appointed to â€Å"Country Cornflakes† while different has experienced the â€Å"Cheerios† diet. The previous was the control oat while the last was the wellspring of entire grain oat. Both of these grain types were created through oat handling hardware and each were pre-stuffed into 42.5 grams upon circulation to the member. This was done so as to conceal the character of the business grains utilized in this examination. In association with this, the analysts likewise guaranteed which grain type was doled out to whom and the participants’ adherence to the utilization plan by close to home meetings and appearance. Then, the participants’ clinical appraisal, as endorsed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was done following twelve-hour and twenty-four fasts from food and mixed beverages separately. In each v isit, circulatory strain, lipid profile, heartbeat, and body weight were precisely estimated. Comparable to this, members have experienced clinical screening, for example, urinalysis, blood check, electrocardiogram, and physical assessment. The lipid substance of the blood gathered through sodium-potassium ethylenediamine tetraacetic was examined in the University of Minnesota’s lab for Lipid Research Core. The high-thickness lipoprotein or HDL cholesterol, all out cholesterol, and triglycerides were resolved. Likewise, extremely low thickness lipoprotein or VLDL and LDL were accelerated; Friedewald equation was used for LDL count. In conclusion, the cholesterol information of the members before experiencing the treatment was measurably contrasted and their separate cholesterol information broke down after the mediation stages by methods for t-tests and examinations of covariance. Results and Discussion The members in this examination were similarly isolated into two gatherings; the benchmark group got cornflakes food flexibly while the treatment bunch was benefited from entire grain oat. The two gatherings have 51.6 years as normal age of the members. In spite of the fact that the benchmark body weight of the treatment bunch was five kilogram lower as contrasted and that of the benchmark group, the distinction didn't make insights essentialness. In that capacity, there was no critical distinction on the weight file or BMI, and the pattern and post-mediation stage pulse among the two gatherings. Further, individual meetings on the members uncovered that their smoking and liquor drinking propensities just as customary exercise in either bunch was kept up all through the examination. Fortunately, complete blood check and blood science of the members didn't change altogether during the investigation time frame. As far as fat utilization, the complete admission of the treatment bunch was diminished non-fundamentally from 56.7 grams to 51.8 grams. In addition, the normal eating regimen changes were 11.2 milligrams per deciliter and +4.1 milligrams per deciliter for the treatment gathering and the benchmark group individually. Likewise, among the two gatherings, there was no critical distinction on the key supplements when the length of mediation stages. Aside from dissolvable fiber, there were no other huge changes as for diet arrangement among the two gatherings. In the mean time, entire grain oat bunch brought about 3.8% and 5.4% changes on absolute cholesterol and LDL cholesterol individually. As contrast and the benchmark group, the treatment bunch had a diminished of 4.4% in complete cholesterol and 4.9% LDL cholesterol. In spite of the fact that, there was no noteworthy distinction in HDL cholesterol between the two gatherings, they had a 0.20 millimole per liter LDL cholesterol contras t. The specific component of the cholesterol decrease was as yet muddled. It was estimated that the consistency of solvent strands reduce the pace of ring move in the upper gastrointestinal tract that causes low assimilation rates, less blood supplements, and changes in hormonal reactions to delimited supplements. In their hamsters study, Gallaher, Hassel, and Lee related the decrease of plasma and liver cholesterol to the expansion in the thickness of the intestinal substance. Be that as it may, consistency was considered distinctly as a pivotal necessity for the decrease of serum cholesterol. In this association, it was recommended that solvent strands upset bile action reducing the ingestion rate. This procedure discourages enterohepatic course prompting quick change pace of cholesterol to bile acids. What's more, other compound constituent of the strands may likewise advance this procedure. For example, tocotrienol in rice grain, oats, and grain hinders cholesterol amalgamation. Mor eover, the solvent fiber maturation produces chain unsaturated fats which thus frustrate cholesterol biosynthesis. Changes in Serum Cholesterol and Sterol Metabolites after Intake of Products Enriched with an Oat Bran Concentrate inside a Controlled Diet Presentation The United States Food and Drug Administration or FDA, in 1997, endorsed the idea concerning solvent fiber utilization and coronary illness or CHD hazard decrease. The serum cholesterol or S-cholesterol decrease was attributed to the dissolvable fiber, (1-3),(1-4) ÃŽ ²-D-glucan or just ÃŽ ²-glucan present in oats and entire oat flour. In light of clinical cases, the utilization of three grams of ÃŽ ²-glucan every day results to S-cholesterol bringing down and CHD chance decrease. Then, the S-cholesterol bringing component was guessed down to rely to a great extent upon expanded bile corrosive action because of thick ÃŽ ²-glucan which thusly actuates cholesterol and bile corrosive biosyntheses. The pace of cholesterol and bile corrosive biosyntheses can be followed

In which I am a bad example

In which I am a bad example I walked through the front door of my local Barnes and Noble today and was immediately confronted by a colossal display for the Twilight series. A thirtysomething dad was scrutinizing a copy of the fourth book Breaking Bloodless NightRaven, or something like that. Whatever its called, it was halfway through that book when I finally couldnt take any more of the series and stopped reading. Oh, I hate those books, I say, before I could stop myself. Really? Why? he asks. I mean, its not that theyre badly written or anything. Considering the quality of teen lit out there, this is probably one of the more well-written books you could give to a teenage girl. (I do not think the series is well-written at all. I was not lying when I told this man what I thought. Take this as an insight into the overall quality of teen-girl-oriented novels currently in print.) I just think its not very empowering, you know? Its got a main character who absolutely fawns over this guy and sets everything else aside in favor of him, which is about as antifeminist as you can get. He looks at me as if he is all about the antifeminism, so long as it stops his little girl from having sex. I am digging a hole for myself. Not that Id rather have teen girls reading so-called feminist books with sex all over the place, I mean! But these books, Im, um, saying well, theyre also not a very good example, just in a totally opposite way. A woman on the other side of the display chimes in with, Theyre not all that realistic. Unrealistic! Thats the word! He glares at me, probably convinced Im an ultra-promiscuous feminazi out to convert innocent thirteen-year-olds to fellow godless heathens. I have to go, I say, and shuffle into the Self-Help Section before I can do further damage. My wordfilter along with my eloquence has significantly deteriorated since coming to college. I used to chide my friends for being completely tactless at the worst possible moments. Ive been doing the same thing to my mom for even longer, as she is one of maybe three people in the world more outspoken than I am. It looks like I am turning into my mother. The prospect thereof may or may not terrify me. I think I meant to wax nostalgic about my semester when I sat down to write this post, but clearly thats not going to happen now one of my grades still hasnt been posted, so it doesnt feel like this term is really over yet. Also, I dont feel like it anymore. Instead, here are some blurry pictures insights into our lives, or some other fluffy phrase of the illustrious residents of Senior Haus being upside down. (Is that obscene? I dont think so. Really, though. Is it?) being right side up. being fierce. being inchworms. being out of Popsicles. (okay, I dont actually know whats going on here.) See you on the other side of the semester, when Ill probably go ahead with the waxing nostalgic thing. Or, you know, not.

In which I am a bad example

In which I am a bad example I walked through the front door of my local Barnes and Noble today and was immediately confronted by a colossal display for the Twilight series. A thirtysomething dad was scrutinizing a copy of the fourth book Breaking Bloodless NightRaven, or something like that. Whatever its called, it was halfway through that book when I finally couldnt take any more of the series and stopped reading. Oh, I hate those books, I say, before I could stop myself. Really? Why? he asks. I mean, its not that theyre badly written or anything. Considering the quality of teen lit out there, this is probably one of the more well-written books you could give to a teenage girl. (I do not think the series is well-written at all. I was not lying when I told this man what I thought. Take this as an insight into the overall quality of teen-girl-oriented novels currently in print.) I just think its not very empowering, you know? Its got a main character who absolutely fawns over this guy and sets everything else aside in favor of him, which is about as antifeminist as you can get. He looks at me as if he is all about the antifeminism, so long as it stops his little girl from having sex. I am digging a hole for myself. Not that Id rather have teen girls reading so-called feminist books with sex all over the place, I mean! But these books, Im, um, saying well, theyre also not a very good example, just in a totally opposite way. A woman on the other side of the display chimes in with, Theyre not all that realistic. Unrealistic! Thats the word! He glares at me, probably convinced Im an ultra-promiscuous feminazi out to convert innocent thirteen-year-olds to fellow godless heathens. I have to go, I say, and shuffle into the Self-Help Section before I can do further damage. My wordfilter along with my eloquence has significantly deteriorated since coming to college. I used to chide my friends for being completely tactless at the worst possible moments. Ive been doing the same thing to my mom for even longer, as she is one of maybe three people in the world more outspoken than I am. It looks like I am turning into my mother. The prospect thereof may or may not terrify me. I think I meant to wax nostalgic about my semester when I sat down to write this post, but clearly thats not going to happen now one of my grades still hasnt been posted, so it doesnt feel like this term is really over yet. Also, I dont feel like it anymore. Instead, here are some blurry pictures insights into our lives, or some other fluffy phrase of the illustrious residents of Senior Haus being upside down. (Is that obscene? I dont think so. Really, though. Is it?) being right side up. being fierce. being inchworms. being out of Popsicles. (okay, I dont actually know whats going on here.) See you on the other side of the semester, when Ill probably go ahead with the waxing nostalgic thing. Or, you know, not.

The Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare - 1277 Words

Amy Duvall Ms. Sharp English IV DC 8 November 2015 Tragedy Indeed In William Shakespeare’s play The Tragedy of Macbeth, written in 1606, the nominal character Macbeth lets prophecies and ambition cloud his judgment, leading to the mass murder of many innocent people. Early on in the play, Macbeth is greeted by three witch sisters who prophecize that he will become Thane of Cawdor and, eventually, king of Scotland. Macbeth, with the aid of his wife Lady Macbeth, take matters into their own hands in order to ensure that the witches prophecies come true. Out of all of the female characters Shakespeare has created, Lady Macbeth stands out from all the rest with her ambition, will power, and malice. In order to level with, and really understand Lady Macbeth, one must observe as her character develops from the scheming and strong woman she is at the beginning of the play, to the weak and vulnerable woman she transforms into as the play progresses. From the start, Lady Macbeth has far more strength and will than her husband. While Macbeth pauses an d is skeptical of his powers, she does not falter. She doesn’t need to be egged on by any supernatural force. While reading Macbeth’s letter, she instantly knows exactly what needs to be done, they must kill the king, and she has no fear of doing so. Nothing strays her from that course until her goal is reached. The first words she speaks after reading that letter show the strength of her determination: â€Å"Glamis thou art, and Cawdor;Show MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe first tragic story created in ancient Greece. Tragedies were written as a form of catharsis or purgation of emotions. In these types of plays, the audience finds characters in which they can relate to which is a tragic hero. The tragic hero creates his own failures based upon their own actions and produces a detrimental fate for himself. The process of the protagonist’s fall is based upon the tragic structure. The structure of a tragedy consists of the exposition, exciting force, hamartia, theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare892 Words   |  4 Pages‘The Tragedy of Macbeth’, written between 1599 and 1606 by William Shakespeare, has been reinterpreted in the 2010 film ‘Macbeth’. The 2010 film successfully takes its own reading of Shakespeare s play; by changing the setting, the director, Rupert Goold, effectively conveys many of the key themes and issues found in the original text. Whilst transforming some on the underlying meanings to correspond to the alternative readings contemporary audiences might take from Shakespeare s Macbeth. The objectiveRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1724 Words   |  7 PagesAs humans we are attracted to tragedy in our everyday lives. For the horror, understanding and contemplation of human nature what else can offer a better summary than Shakespeare? In the play the Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare the stor y progresses through the vision of the protagonist, Macbeth. Throughout the story Macbeth aspires to obtain more power than his original position, as sergeant, provides. With many dastardly deeds he achieves the position of king, although he becomes a tyrantRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1023 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is one the greatest writer of all time. Writing hundreds of books and scripts, Shakespeare founded his most success in his plays in the 1589-1613. One of his most popular plays is the Tragedy of Macbeth. The Tragedy of Macbeth was a turn from glory to tragedy. A story of a true tragic hero. Macbeth is a brave soldier in a war for Scotland. A tale of a great soilder that was highly praise in his kingdom turn to a tragic murderous sinful king. Macbeth kill his friends and hisRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1497 Words   |  6 PagesPractise Essay William Shakespeare effectively explores and follows the framework of the tragedy, Macbeth; a tale of systematic suffering, which foreshadows and imminently leads to the death of a great man. Essentially, it is Macbeth’s flaw – his growing ambition – which leads to these harsh repercussions. Shakespeare demonstrates his tragedy, through Aristotle’s elements and definition of tragedy, which ultimately concerns the reversal of good fortune to bad. In â€Å"Macbeth†, ambition conspires withRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1090 Words   |  5 PagesThe Tragedy of Macbeth Literary Analysis In the play The Tragedy of Macbeth, William Shakespeare uses satire as tone and irony as points of view to portray Macbeth’s unfortunately placed ambition and the manipulation that is used on him. His ambition to gain a higher status as king ends with consequences to himself and the others in his path. Shakespeare adds dramatic irony, verbal irony, and situational irony to keep the readers at the edge of their seats as well as engaged in each lie and mishapRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare739 Words   |  3 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s play, The Tragedy of Macbeth, the Death of King Duncan of Scotland occurred at Thane Macbeth’s castle, Inverness, at around four in the morning in about the year 1300. Before the murder, Macbeth imagined seeing a bloody dagger floating before him, making it appear as if he was not totally sane. The reason the murder happened was because Macbeth had met three witches in the woods that prophesized to him that he would become king of Scotland. Afterwards, Macbeth sent a letterRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare972 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Tragedy of Macbeth, William Shakespeare utilizes a series of themes through the behaviors of many different characters. Some themes seen more clearly throughout the play are those of monarchy, tyranny, and gender. Perhaps the most prominent theme in the whole play is that of the â€Å"unsexing† of Lacy Macbeth’s character. Lady Macbeth wants to act in such a way that is not connected to her gender; we see this and how it relates to the plot and her part in both the rising action and climax in theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1052 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish II 2 October, 2015 â€Å"Tragedy† of Macbeth Macbeth, a play written by one of the most influential English writers of all time William Shakespeare. It was created to be a Shakespearean tragedy. A tragedy as Aristotle defines it as: â€Å"Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude †¦. through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions† (Aristotle: Poetics). What this is saying for a tragedy is that it should have the audienceRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1582 Words   |  7 Pagesto you and told you would be king would you trust them? Macbeth did and ultimately it led to his tragic demise. The tragedy of Macbeth was written by famous poet William Shakespeare in the earl sixteen hundredth. The play dramatizes the destructive physical and mental effects of radical ambition for people who seek authority for the benefit of an individual. Macbeth’s theme of ambition, lust for power, faith, and gullibility makes Macbeth his own antagonist, which is directly correlated to his death

Essay on The Violation of Human Rights in Cuba - 2759 Words

The Violation of Human Rights in Cuba One of the largest Human Rights violations occurring in the world today is on the small island of Cuba. The government there is repressing the civil and political rights of all it citizens mainly the right to free speech and free press. Article 53 of the Cuban Constitution provides: â€Å"Freedom of speech and press are recognized for citizens consistent with the purposes of socialist society. The material conditions for their exercise are present by the fact that the press, radio, television, movies, and others mass media are state-owned or socially owned, and can in no event be privately owned, which ensures their use exclusively in the service of the working people and in the interest of society.†¦show more content†¦An official journalist in Cuba cannot choose which story to write, and cannot express their own opinion. In Cuba there is no freedom of the press that would allow for different political views, which are fundamental for a democratic regime. Radio, television, and the print media are rather instruments of ideological imposition that follow the dictates of the group in power and are used to transmit the messages from that group to the grass roots and the intermediate levels. The main newspape rs in Cuba reflect only the viewpoints of the government. Only to a very limited extent do they report on the debates that take place within the high-level officials of the state. As a result, self- criticism is also limited. It is a role the press plays with a view to transmitting the grievances of the grassroots to the top officials in power. Nonetheless, in no way do these grievances overstep the limits of ideological conformity. In no way can they oppose, or become spokespersons advocating a radical change in the prevailing regime, or that hold upper-level government officials accountable in relation to substantive political issues. The Castro regime maintains a firm stance against independent journalism. In June 1998 the government labeled Cubas small group of independent reporters â€Å"self titled independent journalists’ dedicated to defaming our people by means of the radio stations that broadcast from Miami against Cuba.† (Human Rights WatchShow MoreRelatedThe United States1267 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States would loosen a variety of economic restrictions on Cuba. This announcement came in the wake of a â€Å"diplomatic thaw† beginning in December 2014 with the intention of normalizing political, social, and economic relations between the two nations. While Cuba remains under restrictions imposed by the 1960 Cuban Embargo, the steps taken by the Obama administration represent a critical step forward in ensuring a stable Cuba. In the following paper I argue that the actions of the United StatesRead MoreGlobal Issues Profile Essay : Human Rights1191 Words   |  5 PagesEssay Cuba: Human Rights Yasamin Saaed Ms. Pang, Per: 3 10 December 2015  Everyone has the right to life, freedom, and security. Human rights are the basic freedoms and rights that people are entitled to. All around the world people are being mistreated and the authorities are not respecting people and their human rights. Human rights are essential in order to have equality, freedom, and order. These rights, such as freedom of speech, the right to be free from prejudice, and simply the right to liveRead MoreEssay Human Rights Violations in the War on Terrorism1036 Words   |  5 Pagesthat violate human rights in order to wage the war on terrorism. These policies include the adoption of new security measures, the poor treatment of captured fighters at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba, and the willingness of the Bush administration to overlook human rights violations in other countries in return for their support in the war on terrorism. When the enemy is faceless, as it is in the United States fight against terror, there is a tendency to violate human rights in order to identifyRead MoreDemocracy Essay examples678 Words   |  3 Pagesfree electoral system. This means that Government must protect the basic rights, or liberties, of all people. This is the system of government that United States are base on. The United States, Cuba, and Democracy During the Clinton administration, the sentiment has been proclaimed on so many occasions by the president and other political leaders, and dutifully reiterated by the media, that the thesis: Cuba is the only non-democracy in the Western Hemisphere is now nothing shortRead MoreShould the U.S. Government Drop Its Sanctions against Cuba?1676 Words   |  7 Pagesuse of force as a primary method of international coercion. Cuba is one of the countries considered as a rogue state by the United States and its allies. The emergence of Cuba as a communist country in the western hemisphere in 1960, and the nationalization of a huge amount of US assets in Cuba by the then new regime led to the sanctions against Cuba. However, starting from the end of the 1980’s the Communist block begin falling apart. Cuba lost its international allies and became helpless both economicallyRead MoreA Cold War Relic : Should The United States Seek Tighten The Economic Grip On Cuba? If So900 Words   |  4 PagesA Cold War Relic Should the United States seek to tighten the economic grip on Cuba? If so, why? In looking at the situation with common sense and practicality, a continued economic grip on Cuba, and more importantly the Cuban people, is relatively useless without the cooperation from a large number of other countries. It makes even less sense when you consider that the United States trades with countries with similar political ideologies such as China and Vietnam, China now a part of the WorldRead MoreEssay on U.S. Policy Towards Cuba556 Words   |  3 PagesU.S. Policy Towards Cuba When discussing the economic effect of U.S. Immigration policy on Cuba, it is necessary to look into the United States policy towards Cuba. Since the 1960s the United States has continued its policy of isolating Cuba both politically and economically. The objective of this isolation is to ensure that the basic human rights of the Cuban citizens are respected and that some democratic reforms are enacted. The United States took a number of measuresRead MorePresident Clintons Foreign Relations With Cuba and Haiti Essay example1740 Words   |  7 Pageswhen assessing their actions in both Cuba and Haiti during Clinton’s time in office? When trying to answer this question one must look at the motivation behind the administration’s actions, the principles that the administration stood behind, and the message that they were trying to deliver. The cases of Cuba and Haiti are different in various senses and in the degree of change that occurred within those countries resulting from US policies. In the case of Cuba, President Clinton acted in a mannerRead MoreWhat Are The Ranking Options, Choosing The Best And After Decision1187 Words   |  5 Pagescost the nation has to paid, the best choice for the United States is to remove embargo and cancel all the sanctions, as after Cuba Thaw, there are lots of opportunities between two countries to cooperate and making win-win situation. The second choice is to stay and take no action, because this will pay the second least cost for the country. The worst choice is both invade Cuba or declare war with the United Nations, because not only international reputation will decrease, but also there is large possibilityRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis : The Cold War1472 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Cold War. It was a thirteen day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet airborne missiles deployed in Cuba. It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full blown nuclear war. It w as an intense, 13-day political and military standoff in October 1962 over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from US. The Cuban Missile Crisis was really about the location of weapons and the desire of both the Americans and Soviets

Understanding the Plot of Great Expectations by Charles...

What is defined as the â€Å"plot† of a novel can be explained and broken-down in very specific steps, although the actual content of the plot within novel has infinite variations and possibilities. Plot regards the organization of the principle events of a work of fiction(Wikipedia). Plot is different from the storyline in that plot worries with how events are related, structured, and how they depict change in the major characters. The majority of plots will follow some process of change in which the main characters are caught up in a conflict that is eventually resolved. The plot of a novel can be broken down in five parts: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution (Wikipedia). The exposition usually occurs at the†¦show more content†¦Havisham and that she has decided for him to move to London and start his training to become a gentleman and one day marry Estella. The only complication is that he has to leave Joe and his friend Biddy behi nd in the marshes. After little hesitation and a few tears, Pip moves to London and quickly apprehends that the big city is not so glamorous after all. As time passes he loses contact with Joe and Biddy and almost never sees them for a long period of time. The complication and the climax collide when Pip surprisingly meets his anonymous benefactor on his twenty-third birthday(Dickens). He comes to shock when he sees that his benefactor is not Mrs. Havisham but Magwitch, the convict he helped when he was a child. This comes as devastating news for Pip. He realizes that Mrs. Havisham had actually no interest for Pip to become a gentleman and most importantly for him to marry Estella. All of the money that Pip had, came from a run-away convict which was sentenced to be killed in England. All of Pip’s dreams fall apart as he realizes that he can’t become a gentleman and cannot be a part of that ‘high class’ society because his fate was married to one of a criminal’s. Suspense comes when Pip receives an anonymous letter that says to meet him in the marshes. Pip instinctively thinks it is from Magwitch but when he arrives he is attacked and almost killed by a man named Orlick. The following day, PipSh ow MoreRelatedEssay about Settings in Great Expectations928 Words   |  4 PagesShow how Dickens uses settings in Great Expectations to enhance our understanding of character and the symbolic elements of the plot - Great expectations Show how Dickens uses settings in Great Expectations to enhance our understanding of character and the symbolic elements of the plot. As we notice in the novel Great Expectations, Charles Dickens uses many different narrative techniques other than the usual description. One of these techniques is that of describing character throughRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1669 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens He was one of England s greatest authors of the 1800 s, better known as the Victorian era. The various themes and ideas of that time are perfectly showcased in his many novels and short stories, such as Nicholas Nickelby, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and A Christmas Carol. Much of the inspiration for these works came from the trials and conflicts that he dealt with in his own life. His volumes of fictional writing show the greatRead MoreCharles Dickens And The Victorian Era1643 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens and the Victorian Era The various themes and ideas of the Victorian era are perfectly showcased in the many novels and short stories of Charles Dickens. The writers of the Victorian era produced an enormous amount of the greatest novels to ever be written- those that were realistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long. They, more often than not, showed the characteristics of the different social classes in society. Generally humorousRead MoreGreat Expectations Character Names Essay869 Words   |  4 PagesHello, 7H! The book that I’ve chosen for the Challenging Read Project is Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. Great Expectations is the thirteenth novel written by him; a few of Dickens other books are, A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield and Oliver Twist. Dickens is even viewed by many people as the ‘greatest novelist of the Victorian era’, an exceptionally prestigious title. How does Charles Dickens uses character names? Here are some examples: Abel Magwitch, the convict - The name MagwitchRead More The Theme of Expectations in Charles Dickens Great Expectations 1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe Theme of Expectations in Charles Dickens Great Expectations      Ã‚   In Great Expectations, the main theme is the theme of expectations. Dickens illustrates this theme through the character of Pip, by exploring the idea of ambition and self-improvement. The idea of expectations is the psychological mechanism that encourages Pips development, as he is full of ambition and has Great Expectations about his future. Pips expectations in the novel take three forms: social, moral andRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1283 Words   |  6 PagesCharles Dickens, an English author who is accountable for creating classics such as Oliver twist, A Tale of two cities, and A Christmas Carol is regarded as one of the most influential authors ever. When Great expectations got published in 1861, it got mixed criticism but ever since the 20th century until the present it’s now received the â€Å"classic† status. Great Expectations is a standout amongst the most well-known and tremendously cherished books by the immense expert of Victorian expositionRead MoreSocial Class and Power in the Novel ‚Äà ºGreat Expectations‚Äà ¹1105 Words   |  5 Pagesdepicted in Charles Dickens s novel â€Å"Great Expectations†. Many characters were treated differently because of their social class in the story. Seeing the contrast between how the poor and the rich were treated will give a clearer understanding of how much social class mattered. During the nineteenth century, British society was dominated and ruled by a tightly woven system of class distinctions. Social relations and acceptance were based upon position. Charles Dickens utilizes â€Å"Great Expectations† as aRead MoreAnalysis Of Charles Dickens Great Expectations3684 Words   |  15 PagesOlivia Smith Mr. Oravec AP Literature and Composition 27 January 2014 Analysis Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations â€Å"And as to the condition on which you hold your advancement in life—namely, that you are not to inquire or discuss to whom you owe it—you may be very sure that it will never be encroached upon, or even approached by me, or by any one belonging to me.† (Dickens, 177). This excerpt foretells the main theme of the novel, Pip’s journey of self-improvement. The main theme of the novelRead MoreHow Does Dickens Create Sympathy for Pip at the Beginning of the Novel?956 Words   |  4 Pages‘Great Expectations’ is a highly acclaimed novel written by Charles Dickens first published in 1861, which follows the journey of a young boy commonly known as Pip (his Christian name being Phillip Pirrip) who is born into a middle-class family but goes on to receive riches from a mysterious benefactor in order to pursue his childhood dream in becoming a gentleman. The story is written in first person with Charles Dickens writing back about the experiences of Pip. Although it isn’t his autobiographyRead MoreReal or Fake?: Character Foils in Great Expectations Essay1965 Words   |  8 PagesReal or Fake?: Character Foils in Great Expectations One of the most remarkable aspects of Charles Dickens Great Expectations is its structural intricacy and remarkable balance. Dickens plot involves complicated coincidences, extraordinary tangled webs of human relationships, and highly dramatic developments in which setting, atmosphere, event and character are all seamlessly fused. Although, perhaps the most visible sign of Dickens commitment to intricate dramatic symmetry-apart from the knot

Effectively Functioning in Multinational Setting - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Effectively Functioning in Multinational Setting. Answer: Introduction: For the purpose of effectively functioning in the multinational setting, MS Textiles Australia intends to establish its manufacturing plant in the Philippines. This could be a smart move on part of the business entity as it would help it to optimally utilize the market opportunity to sell its quality cotton fabric in the Asian market context. According to the International Business by Cavusgil and Knight, the businesses can have a sustainable existence in the dynamic setting by focusing on the cross-border business transactions that are influenced by the cross-cultural setting (Cavusgil et al., 2014). The marketing strategic model that would help MS Textiles to have a strong and steady existence in the new Asian market is the have connection with a local firm. As per the government, a foreign entity must have a local partner in the Philippines. It can act as an effective international marketing strategic model that would help the Australian-based firm to have a constructive manufacturing plant. The knowledge of the local partner could be utilized by the business to identify the main environmental factors that come into play in the Philippines and have an impact on the business entities that function in the market context (Export.gov, 2018). The marketing model would play a vital role to complement the current production facility of the business in Australia. The effectiveness of the new facility could be enhanced by using the local partners knowledge and expertise while supplying the products to customers around the world including Australia. Thus this international marketing model would help MS Textiles to expand its business operations at the global scale. References Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014. International business. Pearson Australia. Export.gov. 2018. Philippines - Market Entry Strategy | export.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2018, from https://www.export.gov/article?id=Philippines-Market-Entry-Strategy

Is Psychological Debriefing Harmful to Trauma Survivors

Psycology Essay Example

Psycology Essay Example Psycology Essay Psycology Essay This is a psychological reflective essay to examine and gain a greater understanding of self-harm. (www. Mild. Org. UK) I shall utilities Gibbs model of reflection (1988) to structure my essay and formalism my thoughts, pollens and research. I will reference my work using the Harvard system of referencing. (www. Elbow. Angela. AC. UK) Description: Whilst working as a cycle responder in central London I was requested to attend to a patient reported to be in a collapsed state and bleeding. Feelings: As I approached the scene I was cautious and slightly apprehensive, concerned about he causes of hemorrhaging, collapse and my own safety. My patient was a late teenage female, her overall appearance was one of neglect, but overall fairly well looking, a visual primary survey indicated this was, at this point not a time critical patient. She was on her own the sleeves of her clothing were blood stained and she smelt of alcohol. She reported to me she had a history of self-harming which was the cause of the blood staining. The lacerations were deep and with her permission, I dressed the wounds, suggested she went to hospital and requested a vehicle to rainspout her. I felt pity for my patient that she was In such a state and driven to such drastic measures. I was curious to how she had managed to self-harm as the idea of deliberately harming oneself is difficult to conceptualize as we spend our time attempting to avoid harming ourselves. I was quite repulsed by the deep scaring from previous episodes which made me question her reasons and motives behind what she was doing and her state of mental health. I felt concern that self harm was evidence of an undiagnosed mental disorder and may possibly be linked to future suicide attempt. Evaluations: I was glad she had she had decided to seek help on this occasion by calling 999, It would have been better If she called before she had self harmed. I was confident we could get the help she needed though she may have felt frustration going through the accident and emergency process as it can sometimes be a slow process. I would have been happier if she had accessed the correct treatment pathways through her GAP. I was concerned she may have left the hospital before she had been assessed and self harmed again. Analysis: Eighty percent of self-harm involves stabbing or cutting the skin with a sharp object. (www. Mentholated. Org. UK). Psychological factors that affect self-harmers: Abuse during childhood, bereavement, troubled parental or partner relationships, war, poverty, and unemployment may also contribute. Its estimated 30% of individuals with an autism spectrum disorder WI self-harm though patients with other diagnoses may also self-harm, suggesting pathways to self-harm would Include those with depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress people who self harm have no form of mental illness and the causes may be substance misuse, dependence and withdrawal, genetics, bullying, abuse (sexual, emotional or physical), neglect, school/work pressures, family financial difficulties, housing problems, relationship troubles, family problems, bereavement, loneliness or isolation, eating disorders. Or perhaps struggling to come to terms with sexuality, or any experience or event that causes negative feelings, thoughts and tensions. For some self-harmers the relief is primarily psychological, while for others this feeling of life comes from the beta endorphins released in the brain. Endorphins are endogenous voids, (medical-dictionary. Defenestration. Com) an opiate-like substance, such as an endorphin, produced by the body. They are released in response to physical injury, they act as natural painkiller, and can induce pleasant feelings which would act to reduce tension and emotional distress. Deliberate self- harm may become a means of seeking pleasure. Many self-harmers report feeling very little or no pain while self-harming and, for some a positive pleasurable experience. Strong, M. 1999), Many self-harmers report feeling very little to no pain while self-harming. Many people experiencing various forms of mental ill-health do have a higher risk of self-harm. ( Slinky, E. D. 2007) Also self-harm can present in the high-functioning individual who have no underlying clinical diagnosis making identifying a potential self harmer difficult and making the concept of self harm difficult for other reasons. Though its common in the younger person, generally starting at puberty through until mid twenties. Self-harm in young children is fairly are but reported cases are starting to increase. Self-harm is also apparent in high- functioning individuals who have no underlying clinical diagnosis. (Slinky, E. D. 2007). Self-harming behavior is generally most common in adolescence and young adults, usually first presenting between the ages of 12 and 24. (Mental Health Foundation, 2006) Self-harm in children is considered to be relatively rare, but the rate has been increasing since the sass (Thomas B; Hardy S; Cutting P 1997). Self- harming behavior can nevertheless occur at any age, including in the elderly. (Pierce, D. 1987) . There is more risk of serious injury and suicide attempts in older people who self-harm. (National Institute for Clinical Excellence 2004), Self-harm is often described as an experience of diversification or a dissociate state. (Natal- tong, D. 2008. ) There are vari ous causes leading to self-harm, but it can affect anyone of any age, sex and state of mental health but certain groups of individuals seem to be at a higher risk. A stigma is attached to self-harm, many people will go to great lengths to hide what they are doing. The I-J ONES study reported only two motives: to draw attention ND because of anger. For some people harming themselves can be a means of drawing attention to the need for help and to ask for assistance in an indirect way. It may also be an attempt to affect others and to manipulate them in some way emotionally. However, those with chronic, repetitive self-harm often do not want attention and hide their scars carefully. Conclusion It would have been an advantage to have a greater understanding of self-harm the that understanding. Action plan The treatment I provided would be the same should a similar situation arise. Ensure he safety of my patient and myself, dress any wounds that required dressing, reassure the patient and ensure they access the appropriate treatment pathway. I would be able to provide better treatment because I would be more aware of the causes. For some individuals, an episode of self harm may be easily triggered by a significant life changing event, but for others the day to day fluctuation in their thoughts and feelings and moods can be too much to bare for them and they react with self-harm. Simple stresses such as a breaking a glass, a loud noise, or running ate for an appointment might be enough to create a tension that is so overwhelming in the individual that they self harm to cope with this. Self-harm can be a method of relieving stress. For some, self-harm can become a habit; something they routinely do to survive on a day to day basis because they dont know what else to do, simply a coping method. As a coping mechanism, self-harm can become psychologically addictive because, to the self-harmer, it works; it enables him or her to deal with intense stress in the current moment. Occasionally a positive experience can be a thaw to self-harm. I would try to tackle the deeper underlying problem by being aware that for all individuals the starting point for recovery is to become aware of their reasons for, and what drives them to self-harm. Then armed with this knowledge that they can learn to respond differently to their difficulties and recognize the pathways to self-harm. Im aware that recovery is always possible, however lost and overwhelmed the person feels. Although self-harm provides a temporary fix to a problem, the relief is short lived, and is quickly followed by other feelings like shame and guilt. Meanwhile, it keeps the self-harmer from learning more effective strategies for feeling better. Helped. Org states that; the first step is to confide in another person. It can be scary to talk about the very thing you have worked so hard to hide, but it can also be a huge relief to finally let go of your secret and share what youre going through. Deciding whom you can trust with such personal information can be difficult. Choose someone who isnt going to gossip or try to take control of your recovery. Ask yourself who in your life makes you feel accepted and supported. It could be a friend, teacher, religious leader, counselor, or relative. But you dont necessarily have to choose someone you are close to. A service I could easily provide as my role as a paramedic being first on scene after a patient has Just self-harmed. There is an uncertainty about which forms of psychosocial and physical treatments of patients who harm themselves are most effective, and further clinical studies are required. But providing support and listening to the causes is definitely the first step. Hawthorn, K. Et al. (1998), further clinical studies are required.

Current Economic Climate in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Current Economic Climate in Britain - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the economic climate in Britain affects businesses differently. Even with the realized economic progress, competition has heightened across all industries. Free market practices have become predominant, forcing businesses to engage in intense competition in order to secure significant market shares. Most importantly, Britain is not immune to the euro crisis as well as global financial and economic hardships. For this reason, risks might seem to outweigh benefits in starting up a new business. However, this might not be the case. The economic climate, whether it progresses, stagnates, or deteriorates, does not directly translate into business failure if risks are involved. The business environment can hardly be immune to risks and economic hardships. Business diversity in the economic context has to cope with many eventualities, which if not managed can be catastrophic to many businesses. Even in the best of economies in the world, risks cannot be ignored. Rather, the presence of risks is acknowledged and the necessary course of action taken to manage the risks. Business competition in Britain’s economy has been observed to intensify over time. Following this trend, the most influential risks for businesses are operational, financial, or economic in nature. The benefits realized by any given business in the economy depend on the opportunity identified, strategies taken to exploit the opportunity, decision making, and management practices employed. These aspects are essential in countering business start-up risks that could negatively affect the performance of the business.

Those the year 1968 has benefits us Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Those the year 1968 has benefits us - Essay Example Martin Luther King and presidential candidate Robert Kennedy had their lives extinguished through the barrel of a gun. For many Americans then, the year 1968 came to signify the end of innocence and the dawn of a new era of dashed hopes and unfulfilled promises (Sibley 2009; Hobsbawm 244-270). Events on the international stage further added to this perspective as the Cold War started to heat up and the ramifications of the capitalist-communist split were coming to the fore. It is important to remember that this was the height of the Cold War and as Czechoslovakia sought increased liberalization as a member of the Soviet block, the USSR and Warsaw Pact’s military might crushed any appearances of dissent emanating from Prague and its environs. On August 20, 1968, Warsaw Pact forces invaded Czechoslovakia culminating in the largest internal Eastern offensive since the dawn of the Iron Curtain leading to the forced occupation of this fraternal communist country. Troops from Bulgaria, East Germany, Poland, Hungary and the USSR were coordinated in the effort to crush the spring liberation emanating from Czechoslovakia. Accordingly, more than 500,000 troops effectively occupied this country in what became known as a devastating moment in world history. For Americans and o ther Westerners, the occupation of Czechoslovakia during the height of the Cold War confirmed fears of the authoritarian nature of communism and brought home the importance of maintain a staunch anti-communist foreign policy during this period. The war in Vietnam was another reminder of the precarious situation which existed between the capitalist and communist world and the Vietcong launched the Tet Offensive during this period. With the successful Vietcong attack on the US Embassy in Vietnam, the Tet Offensive effectively ratcheted up the battle for supremacy in Vietnam between North and South Vietnamese forces as well

Developing a theory of mind at four years

Developing a theory of mind at four years Theory of Mind is a term introduced by Premack and Woodruff, (1978) it is considered the ability to infer the current mental state of others, their beliefs and desires (Gazzaniga, Ivry, Mangun, 2009). Theory of mind is vital in our understanding that others knowledge may differ from our own, it allows one to manipulate and interpret the actions and contemplations of another in terms of theoretical and intentional states. As such, we are able to surmise the mental states of others although they may not communicate them with visible cues, such as what they may be thinking or feeling, as well as the ability to distinguish between reality and belief. One of the major ongoing debates within developmental psychology is centred around the claim that a theory of mind does not develop until the age of 4. Although many agree with the claim there are countless theorists who believe that a theory of mind is innate therefore it must be present at birth (Fodor, 1992). This essay will be assessing contributing research towards this debate by looking at evidence for and against the claim in order to make an informed decision according to supporting research. One of the most effective ways to test for a theory of mind in young children is through the false-belief task, as passing the task indicates that the child is aware that others may have incorrect beliefs about the world. Wimmer and Perner (1983) found, from their unexpected transfer test, that a fully developed theory of mind does not appear before the age of 3 to 4 years. In this test infants were told to watch a scene in which a character, Maxi places chocolate in a drawer and walks away. While he is away his mother takes out the chocolate and grates some of it onto a cake, places it elsewhere then leaves. Maxi then returns and the experimenter asks where will Maxi look for the chocolate? Results found that children above the age of 5 had no problem attributing to Maxi a false belief. The study was later repeated to children under the age of 4, when it was found that children under the age of around 3.7 years failed to answer questions correctly. Thus this provides strong evidence that a theory of mind does not develop until around 4 years of age. Another classic experiment by Baron-Cohen et al (1985) was the Sally-Anne task where the experimenter had adopted similar characteristics used originally by Wimmer and Perner (1983) and tested Autistic children, normal children and those suffering from Downs syndrome for the presence of a Theory of Mind. It was found that the majority of normal and Downs syndrome children answered all questions correctly whereas autistic children found it difficult to comprehend what had happened and tended to answer incorrectly. Although Baron- Cohen et al were testing for a theory of mind in Downs syndrome and Autistic children, it should be noted that normal children and Downs syndrome children both appear to have a theory of mind; hence they would pass the task at 4 years old. An autistic person however would not have a theory of mind as their minds do not function in the same way as a normal child, therefore one may suggest that a theory of mind does appear at 4 years but not for people with aut ism. A further piece of evidence lies with Avis Harris who tested the universality of the false-belief task in their study of the Baka children of Cameroon. The Baka is a traditional, hunting and gathering, non literate society where none of the adults or children can read or have been schooled. Using the original false-belief task, Avis Harris tested 34 children aged between 3-5 years. Findings were similar to those in Western countries. However the results of this study shows flexibility in the age in which theory of mind develops. It is not necessarily 4 years within the Baka community which implies that there may not be universality in the age at which theory of mind appears to be present; the age is not 4 years it is in fact between 3 and 5. Another researcher who has tested for universality in theory of mind is Astington (1996) who gave the false-belief test to Quechua children in Peru, and Tainae children of New Guinea. The results were very incompatible with those from Western countries. Young children and even adolescents could not recognise false-beliefs in others, hence no theory of mind at the age of 4. This provides strong evidence of cultural variation, as the task has consistently proved that children aged 4 are able to answer correctly within most Western countries and this is still likely to be the case if ever replicated. It may however, be considered inappropriate to impose our Western false-belief task on people who have their own practises and teachings within their societies. This does not mean other cultures have no understanding of the mind, they may simply have their own means of perceiving others minds. Hence, children of other cultures and countries may have a theory of mind at the age of 4; we perhaps need to conduct research of a different method in such societies rather than the false-belief task. Due to the volume of research in support of the claim that theory of mind appears around the age of 4, psychologists have come up with theories to explain why this the happens to be the case. The Representational Deficit theory, also known as the theory-theory suggests that children develop beliefs or theories about other people, revise them and use them in a similar to manner to how we use scientific theories. As such, by using these theories, children are able to make predictions about new evidence, to interpret evidence, and to explain evidence (Gopnik, 2003). The theory-theory explanation is essentially a constructivist account as a rational understanding of the mind occurs by means of everyday theoretical constructs. Infants instigate with an initial primitive understanding of the mind, they accumulate data through interaction with the world and others around them which leads to a theory change and thus the development of a mature theory of mind at the age of 4 (Gopnik Wellman, 1994). Now looking at evidence against the claim, we must firstly take a look at theories and research which suggests that theory of mind does not in fact develop at 4 years. Problems with evidence for the claim are pointed out by researchers and are noted below. Theory of mind module is a theory which essentially goes against the claim that children do not develop a theory of mind until the age of 4. Fodor (1983) originally mentioned innate mental modules thus, in contrast to the theory-theory approach, many theorists have agreed with Fodor and argue that a psychological understanding of the mind is achieved via the computations of an innate mental module (Wellman, 2002). Researchers such as Fodor (1992) and Leslie (1987) have all come to a similar accord that there is an individual theory of mind module which creates depictions of human activity in terms of mental attitudes toward specific events (domain specific cognition). Evidence for the theory of mind module and against the theory theory is when researchers conducted theory of mind research on individuals with autism. They proposed that autistic children have impairment on their theory of mind module leading to inability to construe people in terms of mental states i.e. mind blindness (Leslie, 1987; Baron-Cohen et al 1985). However, as we established earlier, this may be due to the fact that autistic people do not have the same functioning of the mind as normal people and thus may have nothing to do with a module. Theory-theory has also been challenged by many researchers as there is over-reliance on false-belief tests. Lewis Osborne (1990), for example made the point that children can misunderstand the question being posed. Furthermore, Lewis, Freeman, Hagestadt Douglas (1994) stated that children may fail to understand and integrate key elements of the story. Another critique of the theory-theory is that there have been vast amounts of research of a theory of mind before the age of four. Early theorists, argue that children perform better in naturalistic environment for example Dunn (1988) provided a clear analysis of young childrens understanding of other family members desires, intentions and emotions. However one may argue that this is not actually evidence of a theory of mind, rather it is linked with developmental abilities, it does not mean that a theory of mind is acquired at this stage. It has also been found that children have other early (before the age of 4) abilities such as deception (Lewis, Stanger Sullivan, 1989), communicative abilities (Butterworth Jarrett, 1991) and pretence (Leslie, 1987). Numerous researchers have criticised tests such as the false-belief test. De Gelder (1987), for example pointed out that it is known that autistic children have difficulty with pretend play. Therefore, using dolls to represent real people may cause them some difficulties. However Leslie and Frith (1987) repeated the same study using real children and obtained similar findings. Furthermore, despite criticisms, false-belief tests have been replicated and the findings supported by many other researchers (Perner, Leekam Wimmer 1987; Gopnik Astington 1988). Mitchell (1996) agreed with the traditional nativist account of theory of mind. He believed theory of mind had to be present at birth. Mitchells view was that everybody is born with a theory of mind and a reality criterion and young children fail theory of mind tasks as they are guided by the reality criterion. He also emphasised on the reliance of reality with false belief tasks when making judgments. It does not mean young people are incapable of false belief, it simply suggests that the reality criterion is more dominant. Evidence for Mitchells theory takes form in a modified version of the deceptive box test (Mitchell Lacohee, 1991) originally created by Perner, Leekam Wimmer (1987). In the modified version, 63% of children answered correctly compared with 23% in the standard version. Both of the above theories have been deemed as plausible accounts of the theory of mind in children. However there does not seem to be adequate evidence against the claim. As theory of mind has been defined as the ability to understand others beliefs, this has not been seen to occur until the age of 4 (Perner, 1991). Another significant point is that although early abilities may be precursors to a real theory of mind, it does not mean that the change after 4 years does not exist. Gopnik, Slaughter Meltzoff (1994) named four conceptual changes in the development of a theory of mind which provided evidence that a fully developed theory of mind does not appear until the age of 4. A child showing signs of deception, communicative abilities and pretence should even be considered as irrelevant information when studying the theory of mind. Perner (1991) went on to say that pretence, deception etc may be over interpreted. After all, other developmental abilities are each to their own, their presence does not necessarily have to relate to a theory of mind. On balance it would be fair to state that a fully developed mature theory of mind does not appear before the age of 4 and there is not sufficient evidence to backup claims that say otherwise. Although, the majority of evidence relies heavily upon false-belief tasks, the task has been proven to be accurate and reliable. Additionally, Wellman, Cross Watsons meta-analysis (2001) showed that children around 4 years 0 months performed above chance on the false-belief task. They also found that the results were consistent across the period analysed and were not any different for earlier studies than later ones. This provides extremely strong evidence of a theory of mind at the age of 4 compared with nil evidence against the claim. It would therefore be appropriate to accept the claim that a theory of mind appears around the age of 4 years and this is extremely strong evidence in support of this claim. Astington, J. (1996). what is theoretical about the childs theory of mind?:a Vygotskain view of its development. In P. Carruthers, P. K. Smith (Eds.), Theories of Theories of Mind (p. 401). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Avis, J., Harris, P. (1991). Belief-Desire Reasoning among Baka Children:Evidence for a Universal Conception of Mind. Child Development , 62, 460-467. Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a theory of mind. Cognition , 37-46. Butterworth, G., Jarrett, N. (1991). What minds have in common is space: Spatial mechanisms serving joint visual attention in infancy. British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 9 (1), 55-72. Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Masachusetts: MIT Press. Chomsky, N. (1986). The Leading Ideas of the Minimalist Programme. In H. L. Zeljko Boskovic (Ed.), Minimalist Syntax The Essential Readings (pp. 2-4). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. De Gelder, B. (1987). Discussion on not having a theory of mind. Cognition , 285-290. Dunn, J. (1988). The beginnings of social understanding. Harvard University Press. Fodor, J. (1992). A theory of the childs theory of mind. Cognition , 283-296. Fodor, J. A. (1992). A theory of the childs theory of mind. Cognition , 283-296. Fodor, J. A. (1983). The modularity of mind: an essay on faculty psychology. MIT Press. Gazzaniga, M. S., Ivry, R. B., Mangun, G. R. (2009). Cognitive Neuroscience:The Biology of the Mind. London: W. W. Norton Company Ltd. Gopnik, A. (2003). The Theory Theory as an Alternative to the Innateness Hypothesis. In L. M. Antony, N. Hornstein (Eds.), Chomsky and his Critics (pp. 238-254). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Gopnik, A., Astington, J. W. (1988). Childrens Understanding of Representational Change and Its Relation to the Understanding of False Belief and the Appearance-Reality Distinction. Child Development , 26-37. Gopnik, A., Wellman, H. (1994). The theory theory. In L. Hirschfield, S. Gelman (Eds.), Domain specificity in culture and cognition (pp. 257-293). New York: Cambridge University Press. Leslie, A. M. (1987). Pretense and representation: The origins of theory of mind. Psychological Review , 412-426. Leslie, A. M., Frith, U. (1988). Autistic childrens understanding of seeing, knowing and believing. British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 315-324. Lewis, C., Osborne, A. (1990). Three Year-Olds Problem with False Belief: Conceptual Deficit or Linguistic Artifact? Child Development , 1514-1519. Lewis, C., Freeman, N. H., Hagestadt, C., Douglas, H. (1994). Narrative access and production in preschoolers false belief reasoning. . Cognitive Development , 397-424. Lewis, M., Stanger, C., Sullivan, M. W. (1989). Deception in 3-year-olds. Developmental Psychology , 439-443. Meltzoff, A. N. (2002). Imitation as a Mechanism of Social Cognition:Origins of Empathy, Theory of Mind, and the Representation of Action. In U. Goswami (Ed.), Blackwells Handook of Childhood Cognitive Development (pp. 6-25). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Mitchell, P. (1996). Acquiring a Conception of Mind. East Sussex: Psychology Press. Perner, J. (1991). Understanding the representational mind. Learning, development, and conceptual change. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Perner, J., Leekam, S. R., Wimmer, H. (1987). Three-year-olds difficulty with false belief: The case for a conceptual deficit. British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 125-137. Piaget, J. (1929). The childs conception of the world. New York: Routledge Kegan Paul Ltd. Piaget, J. (1999). The Psychology of Intelligence (2 ed.). (M. Percy, D. E. Berlyne, Trans.) London: Rputledge and Kegan and Paul Ltd. Premack, D., Woodruff, G. (1978). Chimpanzee problem-solving: a test for comprehension. Science , 532-535. Wellman, H. M. (2002). Understanding the Psychological World: Developing a Theory of Mind. In U. Goswami (Ed.), Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development (pp. 167-187). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., Watson, J. (2001). Meta-Analysis of Theory of Mind Development:The Truth about False Belief. Child Development , 72 (3), 655-684. Wimmer, H., Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young childrens understanding of deception. Cognition , 103-128.

Joseph L. Badaracco Jr.s Defining Moments: When Managers Must Choose B

Overview of main goals of the book Joseph L. Badaracco, Jr.’s book, â€Å"Defining Moments†, focuses on the ethical decision making process of â€Å"right versus right† from a management standing point. In reality, ethical decision making has two types of conflicts:†right versus wrong† and â€Å"right versus right†. â€Å"Right versus right† decisions are considered as the â€Å"grey† areas of ethical decision making. Badaracco saw the need to focus on it as â€Å"right versus right† decisions play a large role in ethical decision making for managers in real –life. To do so, he written â€Å"Defining Moments† as a way of showing the significance of â€Å"right versus right† decisions, their effect on decision making, and methods on resolve the dilemma posed by â€Å"right versus right†. Badaracco mention that â€Å"right versus right problems typically involve choices between two or more courses of action, each of which is a comp licated bundle of ethical responsibilities, personal commitments, moral hazards, and practical pressures and constraints† (Badaracco, 6). It is considered a distressful and difficult moment for managers as they have to juggle between their personal values and the expectations of others. It is also what Badaracco interprets as â€Å"defining moments†. Badaracco’s book follows the accounts of Steve Lewis, Peter Adario, and Edouard Sakiz, three different managers, as they encountered their â€Å"right versus right† dilemmas. He uses those scenarios as examples to guide the process of resolving right versus right dilemmas. With the insights and knowledge gained from moral philosophers, Badaracco constructed a realistic framework focusing on the method of knowing one’s own values and questioning how big of a role the values play in one’s life as the fundamental ste... ...hem get bearings, stay their courses, and bind their daily work to larger ends and purposes"(Badaracco, 130). I believe that the concept has practical relevance personally and professionally. The imagined best life" concept basically incorporates the "value of looking up from the urgent tasks of the moment and placing them in the larger context of the life" (Badaracco, 129) with considering what is at stake. It allows us to look at the goal we set and think of the things that would lead us there. By doing so, we could understand the values and stakes that we needed to be achieved. It is significant for people as they sometimes get bogged down by what is occurring at the present and neglecting the impact it has in the future. Works Cited Badaracco, J. . Defining moments, when managers must choose between right and right. Harvard Business Press, print.

Making reference to Language and imagery Essay

The play of â€Å"Macbeth† is based around a soldier who went by the name of Macbeth Ambition got the better of Macbeth and drove him to work his way up the hierarchy by whatever means he thought was necessary. Of course he did meet some obstacles on the way, but instead of hurdling over them he got rid of them. Eliminating these obstacles is what caused Macbeth’s transition from a â€Å"brave Macbeth† to â€Å"abhorred heir† by the end of the play. However it’s not a clear cut answer. There were many contributing factors. It wasn’t simply all Macbeth’s doing that got him where he was at the end of the play. Many characters played a role in his downfall. At the start of the play we do not meet Macbeth but we are told about him, ‘For brave Macbeth, well he deserves that name,’ here is where a soldier is speaking to King Duncan and telling him that Macbeth does deserve to be called brave. This is where we first hear of Macbeth before we actually meet him. The next thing that the soldier tells Duncan is a small piece of description of why Macbeth should be called brave, ‘Disdaining fortune, with his brandish’d steel, Which smok’d with bloody execution,’ Here Shakespeare uses certain dramatic words to create an image of what Macbeth was like. The way the soldier tells Duncan that Macbeth’s steel was covered with bloody execution, which gives us an image of a man covered in blood from the people he has executed. When Macbeth meets the three witches for the first time he is immediately interested in what they have to say and he does ask them to speak if they can. Macbeth’s immediate reaction to what the witches had said was interesting, he wanted to know more as he was confused by the prophesy of him becoming King, ‘Speak, I charge you’ here Macbeth tries to order the witches to say more but they vanish. The witches were very smart; they told Macbeth the hard facts but they didn’t tell him how or when he would be King or Thane Cawdor. This leaves him hanging. Macbeth and Banquo are, as expected, shocked. The witches here could have simply be spinning a line of lies and see if Macbeth would grab it as he did and the witches now know that Macbeth must be pretty easily convinced as he was when he heard the prophesies. Macbeth and Banquo, when the witches are gone, then think if what they had seen and heard was actually there or were they going mad, ‘where such things here as we do speak about? Or have we eaten on the insane root. That takes the reason prisoner?’ Here Banquo asks Macbeth if what they are talking about was actually there or have they eaten on the insane root and just gone mad. So even when they have heard the prophecy it shows you how shocked they are if they are questioning their own sanity. Macbeth may take the bait from the witches but Banquo tries to worn Macbeth that there must be evil forces at work and that it may seem in his favour now but there is something sinister in the predictions, ‘What, can the devil speak true?’ Banquo here tries to convince Macbeth that can these witches related to the devil speak truth and so he tries to over throw Macbeth’s thoughts to forget about the prophesies and just to carry on as normal. The first seed of ambition that is thrown to Macbeth came from the witches’ prophecy of Macbeth becoming King. However the seed did not start to grow until Macbeth hears that he is going to become the new Thane of Cawdor this being the first prophecy made by the witches come true. At this point Macbeth and Banquo had decided to let the future take care of itself. However when he was told that he would be the new Thane of Cawdor a bell started to ring in his head. Soon after this, Duncan makes his son Malcolm the Prince of Cumberland and Duncan invites himself to Macbeth’s Castle. Everything is falling into place for Macbeth and he sees his chance to become King; obviously Duncan was not planning on making Macbeth the next King. However Macbeth then had a problem and that was Malcolm, ‘The Prince of Cumberland _ that is a step, On which I must fall down, or else o’erleep, For in my way it lies.’ This is where Macbeth realises that he has a hurdle to overleap in order to for fulfil his ambition to become King of Scotland. This is where Shakespeare tries to explain Macbeths’ situation in a simple way by creating an image of a staircase, Malcolm on the step above him and the King ‘Duncan’ above that. This is where he has a choice of whether to get rid of Malcolm or some how get him out of the way so that he could fall into the place or step that he was on and then he would be another step closer to becoming the King. Duncan appears to continuously present Macbeth with gifts and titles. This fuels Macbeth’s ambition and makes him yearn for more authority, such as to be the King of Scotland. Presenting Macbeth with gifts and titles led to Macbeths’ transition or you could say his tragedy, but Duncan cannot be entirely to blame because he was simply rewarding Macbeth for his triumphs and bravery on the battlefield over much larger armies, ‘What he hath lost noble Macbeth hath won.’ Here we get a great feeling that Macbeth is a very strong and powerful soldier on the battlefield. Here it says that what other soldiers have lost, such as a battle or war, Macbeth will definitely win. Lady Macbeth latches on to the idea of Macbeth being King as soon as she reads his letter describing the prophesy. She has no doubt that the prophecy will come true, but she does fear that her husband is, ‘to full o’ ‘the milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way.’ Lady Macbeth immediately sees that killing Duncan is necessary for Macbeth to become King, and she has no concern for how evil that plan is. As soon as she sees him, she begins convincing him that he should kill the King. Macbeth does not agree, but later in scene seven, he tells Lady Macbeth: ‘We will proceed no further in this business’. She responds by attacking his manhood, calling him a coward and referring to a promise she never made. ‘I would while it was smiling in my face Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, And dash the brains out, had I so sworn as you Have you done to this’. Macbeth never made a promise to kill Duncan but Lady Macbeth is trying to manipulate him by saying if she had made a promise to kill her child she would, Macbeth has sworn to kill Duncan but she is simply playing with his mind and trying to get him to go along with the murder. Later on in scene seven Macbeth tells his wife that he doesn’t want to take the positions away from the soldiers or Thanes because they have earned their position and clothes that hey wear, he just wanted to become King the easiest and quickest way. Lady Macbeth tries to explain to her husband that there will be an obstacle or downside along the way, ‘Letting ‘I dare not’ wait upon ‘I would,’ Like the poor cat i’ th’ adage?’ Lady Macbeth here tries to be persuasive by telling Macbeth that she would not let fear get the better of her as he was starting to do. She then uses the proverb an ‘adage’ to try and explain that obstacles often occur when someone really wants something and puts his situation into a way that he could relate to. Lady Macbeth said to Macbeth the cat wanted the fish but would not get her paws wet, translating into Macbeths’ case, he wanted to become King but didn’t want to kill for it. After the murder of Duncan Lady Macbeth has to assure Macbeth that what is done is done and not to think about it as it will drive him insane. Macbeth was still shaken after the murder and took the daggers, that he killed the guards with, back with him. Lady Macbeth then had to take charge, ‘Infirm of purpose! Give me the daggers.’ Lady Macbeth even after the murder is still insulting her husband and calls him weak minded. Lady Macbeth plays an important role in Macbeths’ transition. Lady Macbeth is like her husbands bad conscience, there were many points in the play where Macbeth would have pulled out from murdering Duncan but his wife tried her best and seceded in convincing Macbeth that he should murder Duncan. However I do not think that she can be held entirely to blame; Macbeth had free will to do what he wanted; Lady Macbeth simply backed him up. Therefore it was through Macbeths’ decisions he became the man he was at the end of the play. You could say that he was some what forced into murdering Banquo. ‘It is concluded! Banquo, thy soul’s flight, If it find heaven, must find it tonight.’ Here Macbeth has plotted the death of Banquo, and is pleased that his friend would soon be dead. He does all this without any prompting at all from Lady Macbeth; he does this simply because the witches had said that Banquo’s descendants would be Kings. Macbeth furthers his own transition by having Macduff’s family killed. ‘The castle of Macduff I will surprise, Seize upon Fife, give to the edge o’ the sword His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate sould That trace him in his line.’ Straight after the second prophesy, which warns him to beware the Thane of Fife, that being Macduff. Lennox brings word that Macduff has fled to England. Angered, and the words from the prophesy that he has interpreted to mean that Macduff may be a threat, Macbeth orders the household of Macduff slaughtered. When Macduff had found this out he was truly convinced that Macbeth is evil, and rallied the armies of proud England to march against the sick Scotland. Therefore, by destroying the Macduff household, Macbeth brung about his own downfall or transition by the end of the play. Prior to this Macbeth once again made another step towards his own transition. He yearned for the knowledge that the witches possessed and he couldn’t do anything without knowing what was going to happen in the future. The second time Macbeth went to visit the witches they had three new prophecies for him, ‘The power of man, for none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth’ This first prophesy is simply saying that the person born not of a woman shall harm Macbeth. Macbeth thinks that this is impossible, what he doesn’t realise is that Macduff was born by a suzerain ‘Macbeth shall never vanquish’d be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill Shall come against him.’ Here the witches say that only harm will come to Macbeth when Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane, which Macbeth thinks is impossible. The other prophesy was, ‘Beware Macduff, Beware the Thane of Fife.’ Here the witches are simply telling Macbeth to beware Macduff. As he believed all the prophesies he made them come true, so we don’t actually know whether they simply fed him a line and influenced his thinking knowing that he was ambitious and would make these prophesies come true. This is yet another factor in Macbeths’ downfall. Macbeth surprisingly actually tries to comfort himself and in a way he tries to justify what he has done, ‘I am in blood stepped in so far that returning were as tedious as go o’er.’ Macbeth here is trying to say that going back from what he had done would be as tedious as it was committing the murder, he seems to think that because he is so far stepped in blood and cannot turn back that it makes everything alright which it certainly doesn’t. Even though Macbeth sees Banquo’s ghost he doesn’t seem to show any remorse. However the ghost does startled him and he doesn’t feel like a man when the ghost is there, ‘Enter GHOST, And to our dear friend Banquo whom we miss; Would he were here. To all, and him we thirst And all to all.’ Banquo’s ghost enters the banquet and Macbeth decides to propose a toast to Banquo, it’s as if Macbeth is tying taunt Banquo’s ghost, Macbeth is not really sorry and he wouldn’t rather Banquo be there he is simply boasting to the ghost that he had him killed. However at the point when the armies of England are closing in on Dunsinane, where Macbeth’s castle is, Macbeth seems remorseful. It seems that his darker side was turning towards the light, but still, Macbeth refused to let anyone or anything threat his reign, except his death. ‘But get thee back my soul is too much charged With the blood of thine already.’ Shakespeare uses imagery here to show how Macbeths’ soul is fully charged like a battery but with all the bad deeds he had committed. This part of the play is where Macbeth is confronted by Macduff and he is remorseful that he has killed Macduff’s household. But nevertheless the deed was done and Macbeth could only blame himself for it. In conclusion I think that Macbeth was more so to blame for his own transition. He may have been pushed into the murdering of Duncan but everything else he made his own mind up about. Sure there where many limiting factors in Macbeths’ transition such as Lady Macbeth, the witches and another big factor being his ambition which was probably reflecting his decision making but this cannot be excused as he knew exactly what he was doing and what his aim was, to become the King of Scotland. However he does show some remorse before he is killed. Before Macbeth was killed Macduff started to fight with him but Macbeth could fight no more and so Macbeth was beheaded. This does show that he may have finally realised what he had done or that he was blinded from the truth by his ambitions.

Macro Economic Policy And Financial Crisis Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 909 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The history of the world has witnessed many economic crises. It is a common fact that the basic reason that economies plunge into recession is due to debt. This paper aims to review the Financial Crisis of 2008 in the world and analyses its causes and analyse the different types of measures have been taken by the US government. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Macro Economic Policy And Financial Crisis Finance Essay" essay for you Create order According to US national bureau of economic research, recession is a period of general economic decline, characterized usually by a contraction in the gross domestic product for six months or longer. The share markets have crashed, huge and massive financial institutions have collapsed and some of them got financial support from government. The typical features of the recession are high levels of unemployment, lower wages and a drastic fall in retail sales. According to the bureau of labour statistics, the level of US unemployment was 4.5% in 2006 and in 2008 it rose to 6.7% How it affects worlds economy? Various countries at various times have run high current account surplus, reflecting an excess of saving over domestic investment (Max, 2009). This saving will reduce worlds real interest rates. it is obvious that worlds total export of capital must be equal to worlds total imports of capital. As a result of this total current account surplus will be equal to total current account deficit. The US current account deficit rose since the year 2002. It had the opposite effect on the world real interest rates, tending to raise them. The investments made by the countries such as Japan, China, Germany, oil exporters countries and other countries affect the US deficit policy. In 2007 approximately half of the total world deficits belonged to the US because of the cheaper borrowings and readily available. US economy is 30 percent of the world economy; that is sufficient to explain why any effect in US is likely to be relatively in the world (Max, 2009). The collapse of Bear Stearns in 2007 has made it clear to the consumers that the recession is unavoidable. Causes of the Global financial crisis:- USA:- The growth of housing bubble: The housing bubble was the major cause not only for the subprime crisis but also for the global economic crisis. Total US mortgage market is approximately $10 trillion out of this the subprime loan is the fastest growing segment. The common belief that the prices of the real estate always raise year after year create a scenario for the lenders and financial institutions to lend risky loans. The real estate market was in boom during the year 2000 and onwards after the dot com bubble busted in the end of the century. From the year 2000 the interest rates were low, that made an Americans to invest money in the safe industry i.e. real estate sector. Easy credit conditions: During boom period in the US real estate sector, the mortgage lenders lend mortgages to the low income workers. From the year 2000 the money lenders became very liberal and they provided mortgages on liberal condition such as interest only loans and option adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs). In the year 2003 these A RMs accounted less than 1% of all mortgages but in the year 2006 it rose to near 15%. In many us communities, however, option ARMs accounted around one of three mortgages written in past few years (Der Hovaneasian). These option ARMs have high rate interest so it became highly profitable for the banks. Many brokers promoted that option ARMs because they earned a massive amount of commission. Securitisation of mortgages: The practise of bundling mortgages into new securities is called securitisation of mortgages. These highly risky mortgages converted into new security and the banks sold it to the investors. The financial institutions sell these securities to convert long term debt into liquid asset so they can earn profit from the investors and on the other hand investors get long term high return. Generally hedge funds are the main investors to get high returns. Securities of the mortgages have been in the practise since the real estate boom in the 1990. The number of securitise d investments grew nearly 300% between 1996 and 2007 reaching $7.27 trillion (Kantz2008). When the mortgage holders could not able to pay their instalments, this loss have to suffer by the investors and these investors includes hedge funds, investment banks, pension funds and the commercial banks. However it should be noted that they can detain the properties but if the number of defaulters is high then the prices of the properties decrease so the lenders cannot recover their money. This led them to instability in liquid assets. Repeal of the Glass Steagall Act: The Glass-Steagall Act was enacted in the year of 1933 by the former US president Roosevelt administration committee after having The great depression in1929. Commercial banks could not merge with the other financial institutions which were engage in mortgage securitisation, real estate, insurance companies and investment banks. That act separated the commercial banks from the investment banks and the insurance company. T his act was repealed by the Bill Clinton in 1999. Europe:- Spain Ireland:- After the adoption of euro as a common currency in Europe, the countries such as Spain and Ireland had experienced a lending boom. The reason was euros negligible interest rate. At the time of real estate boom, Spain built more houses than Germany, France and United Kingdome. That led them for the growth of banking and construction industry. At the same time in Ireland, 110 percent mortgage loan without any down payment was very popular. United kingdom:-